In fact, studies have expanded the notion of organized crime to include activities driven by some direct or indirect benefit that occur in whole or in part online (Grabosky, 2007 Broadhurst, et al., 2014). Organized criminal groups engaging in cyber organized crime may or may not exclusively operate in cyberspace. For example, an organized criminal group that trafficked drugs hired hackers to gain access to the information technology systems of the Antwerp port in Belgium that housed data about containers (Bateman, 2013 Glenny, 2017).
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What is more, organized criminal groups have also engaged in cybercrime to facilitate offline organized crime activities. For example, in 2016, members of Camorra and 'Ndrangheta were arrested for their role in an Internet gambling ring (OCCRP, 2016 Reuters, 2016). Specifically, research has shown that organized criminal groups have utilized information and communication technology to exploit new online criminal markets (e.g., Internet gambling) (Wang and Antonopoulos, 2016 Kshteri, 2010).
Studies have also shown that organized criminal groups have exploited the opportunities afforded to them by information and communication technology to commit cybercrime. Regarding the first type of cyber organized crime, there is evidence that traditional organized criminal groups have engaged in cybercrime (UNODC, 2013 UNODC, 2012). Criminal groups engaging in cyber organized crimeĬyber organized crime can include organized criminal groups engaging in cybercrime and cybercriminals or other groups that do not meet the criteria established by the Organized Crime Convention, that engage in activities typically associated with organized crime.
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